Ukusombulula iGridlock: Ithuba lokuNikezelwa koMbane eMelika

Namhlanje, igridi ijongene nemida enzima yothungelwano lokubonelela, kwaye amandla emveliso aseMelika asanciphile.

Imfuno yezixhobo zegridi inyukile kwiminyaka yakutshanje (uMboniso 2), nto leyo ebangele ukuba kubekho ixesha elide lokunikezelwa kwezixhobo (uMboniso 3) kunye namaxabiso aphezulu (uMboniso 4). Ixabiso leentambo zemigca yombane, umzekelo, liye landa. iphindwe kabini ukusukela ngo-2019, kwaye amaxabiso e-power transformer anyuke malunga ne-75%. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezixhobo zegridi kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwi iindleko zombane kumashishini nakubathengi bezindlu. Ngoku ka uhlalutyo evela kwiLabhoratri yeSizwe yaseLawrence Berkeley, iindleko zokusasazwa kunye nokudluliselwa kombane, ezichatshazelwe yimida yothungelwano lobonelelo, ziye zanegalelo ekunyukeni kwamva nje kweebhili zombane zabathengi.

Umboniso 2

Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili ethile, kufuneka amanyathelo angakumbi ukuqinisekisa uthungelwano lobonelelo lwegridi yaseMelika.

Abavelisi baqala ukusabela kwingxaki yokunqongophala kwenethiwekhi yokubonelela ngegridi ngezibhengezo ezininzi zakutshanje malunga nomthamo omtsha okanye owandisiweyo wemveliso eMelika. Umzekelo, iHitachi Energy ibhengeze i- Utyalo-mali lwe-$1 yezigidigidi ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ze-transformer kunye negridi kunye nomzi-mveliso omtsha eVirginia, kwaye I-Siemens Energy ijolise kumthamo omtsha we-transformer e-US ngo-2027. I Isivumelwano seNkqubo-sikhokelo ye-US-Japan Okuxoxiswane ngako ngo-2025 kukwabandakanya nezibophelelo zotyalo-mali kwizixhobo zegridi.

Olu phuhliso, nangona lukhuthaza, alwanelanga ukuvala izikhewu zothungelwano lokubonelela ngo-2030. Abavelisi bathathe indlela yobulumko malunga notyalo-mali olutsha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nge imijikelo yembali yokuqhambuka nokuqhuma okukhokelela abaphathi ukuba bazibuze ukuba ingaba imfuno iya kuqhubeka na. Ukongeza, i-United States kufuneka yoyise imingeni yothungelwano lokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezinxulumene nezinto ezisetyenziswayo, amandla abasebenzi, kunye nokuthengwa kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke:

• Izinto ezifakwayo: Utyalo-mali lwakutshanje lugxile ekuhlanganisweni kokugqibela kwezixhobo zegridi kodwa aluncedi kangako ekujongeni umthamo okanye ukuxhomekeka kwintsimbi ekhethekileyo, ubhedu, kunye ne-aluminium. I-United States inomthamo omncinci wokucocwa kobhedu lwasekhaya kwaye inezinto ezimbini kuphela ezithengisa isinyithi sombane esingengomgubo kunye nesinyithi sombane esingajoliswanga kwingqolowa (i-GOES kunye ne-NOES), kunye nomthengisi omnye kuphela wasekhaya wesinyithi esingaguqukiyo, enye indlela yesinyithi sombane eneempawu zezinto eziphuculweyo.
• Abasebenzi: Ingxelo yabavelisi bezixhobo zegridi imingeni yokuqesha nokugcina abasebenzi abanezakhono, ekhankanya ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kwezobuchwepheshe njengenye yezona zinto zithintela ukwanda kwamandla.
• Ukuthengwa kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke: Izixhobo zombane zinezakhiwo zetransfoma ezenzelwe wena ngokwahlukeneyo ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zevolthi yombane ukuze kulungiselelwe umthwalo wabathengi. Inqanaba eliphezulu lokwenza ngokwezifiso uyilo (umz., ngaphezulu Iintlobo ezingama-80,000 zeetransformer) ithintela amandla oshishino okwandisa imveliso kunye nokwakha ukuqina kothungelwano lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kuzo zonke iipotifoliyo zeprojekthi. Iindlela zokuthengwa kweenkonzo eziluncedo malunga ababoneleli abakhethwayo kunokwenza kube nzima kubavelisi abatsha ukufumana isiqinisekiso.

Ngenxa yoko, i-United States ayibonelelwa ngokwaneleyo. Imveliso ekhoyo ayikhuphisani neendleko xa kuthelekiswa nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zezinto zokwakha kunye nabasebenzi, kunye nobuchwephesha obuthintela uqoqosho lomlinganiselo. Umzekelo, ii-transformers eziveliswa ekhaya ziqikelelwa ukuba Ixabiso liphezulu nge-10%–25% kunee-transformers ezingeniswe kwamanye amazwe. Ukungenelela okujoliswe kuko kwimigaqo-nkqubo, okuxutyushwa kwicandelo elilandelayo, kunokunceda ekwakheni amandla, ukuphucula ulungelelwaniso, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.

Ngaphandle kokungenelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo, i-United States iya kuba nengxaki yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zezixhobo zegridi, nto leyo ebangela usongo olukhulu kwinkqubo yombane kunye noqoqosho. Ngethamsanqa, kukho uluhlu lwezisombululo ezinokubakho zokuqinisa uthungelwano lobonelelo lwegridi yaseMelika, kwaye abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bakarhulumente baqala ukusabela.

NgoJanuwari 2026, iOfisi yoMbane yeSebe lezaMandla (i-DOE) yanikezelwa Izigidi ezingama-375 zeerandi ukuphucula uthungelwano lokubonelela ngeenkonzo zasekhaya zeetransformers kunye nezinye izinto zegridi yombane kunye nezixhobo. Kwimemorandam ka-Epreli 2026 eya kwi-DOE, uRhulumente kaTrump wenze isigqibo phantsi uMthetho weMveliso yoKhuselo (i-DPA) yokwandisa umthamo wothungelwano lwegridi yasekhaya, oluchazwa “njengolunemida enobungozi.” I-DPA igunyazisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kuquka ukuthenga, izibophelelo zokuthenga, kunye nenkxaso yemali yokuvelisa, nangona inkxaso-mali yokuyiphumeza iya kuxhomekeka ngokuyinxenye kwisenzo seCongress esizayo.

Apha ngezantsi kukho izisombululo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezinokuthi i-DOE iziqwalasele njengoko i-arhente ibeka inkxaso-mali entsha yegridi yokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwaye iphumeze i-DPA, kunye namanyathelo angaphezulu anokuthathwa yiCongress ukujongana nalo mceli mngeni. Ukungenelela komgaqo-nkqubo kuhlelwe ngokwamacandelo amathathu: (1) ukunciphisa imiqobo yexesha elifutshane, (2) ukwandisa amandla asekhaya, kunye (3) nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha. Nangona iingenelo zokungenelela ziya kubonakala ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele amaqhinga kuzo zonke ezi candelo zintathu.

Amaqhinga okunciphisa imiqobo yekhonkco lobonelelo lwegridi yexesha elifutshane

Kwixesha elifutshane, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bagxile ekuphuculeni umthamo wegridi ekhoyo, basebenzisane namazwe ahlangeneyo, bandise imveliso kwiindawo ezikhoyo, kwaye baphucule intsebenziswano kushishino. Incediswa kulwabiwo-mali lwakutshanje, i-DOE inokuphumeza ezinye zezi ngcebiso zilandelayo. Umjikelo wolwabiwo-mali lwe-FY27 unokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali engaphezulu yokunciphisa imiqobo yexesha elifutshane, ngelixa ukugunyaziswa kwakhona koMthetho waMandla ka-2020 inika ithuba lokubhala phantsi inkqubo yobonelelo ngegridi ye-DOE.

• Khuthaza izisombululo zegridi ezizezinye. Kukho ezininzi izisombululo zexesha elifutshane ezinokunceda iinkonzo zisebenzise iziseko zophuhliso ezikhoyo ngokufanelekileyo ukulibazisa ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ezintsha zokuhambisa nokuhambisa. Ezi ziquka izityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokudlulisa, ukuguquguquka kwemfuno, kunye ukuvuselela okucocekileyoAbenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente bafanele bagxile kwizisombululo zokunciphisa imiqobo yokusasazwa kwaye bacinge ngemizamo efanayo yokuphucula ukufikeleleka kombane.
• Ukuqhubela phambili ubudlelwane namazwe ahlangeneyo. Ngokwakha kwisakhelo se-US-Japan, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banokudibanisa izixhobo zegridi kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ukunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukunikezelwa kwexesha elifutshane. Nangona kukho ukunqongophala kwehlabathi, amanye amazwe ngamanye aye amandla emveliso eseleyo, kwaye i-DOE ingadlala indima ekuququzeleleni ubudlelwane obutsha nababoneleli ukunceda ekwakheni ukuthembana phakathi kweenkonzo zamanzi kunye nabavelisi behlabathi ngaphandle koluhlu lwabo lwangoku lwababoneleli abakhethwayo.
• Khulisa imveliso ekhoyo. Ukunyusa imveliso kwiifektri zezixhobo zegridi ezikhoyo kunokunciphisa ukunqongophala ngokukhawuleza kunotyalo-mali oluluhlaza. Abavelisi banokwandisa utshintsho, batyale imali kwimizamo yokuvelisa, kwaye bandise imigca yemveliso. Ukuba ukungaqiniseki kwemali yokuqala, abasebenzi, okanye imfuno kuhlala kungumqobo ekwandeni, i-DOE inokubonelela ngenkxaso ngokuphucula imali-mboleko, amanyathelo ophuhliso lwabasebenzi, okanye ngokulungelelanisa ukuthathwa kwemali.
• Ukuphucula intsebenziswano kushishino. I-DOE ingasebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlanganisa ukuze idibanise abavelisi bezinto zegridi, iinkonzo, kunye nabanye abathengi bemizi-mveliso ukuphucula ukuqonda iingozi zekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kunye nokwenza kube lula ukusombulula iingxaki ngokubambisana. Iintlanganiso ze-DOE, okanye ukuvuselelwa iqela leengwe zokubonelela ngeenkonzo, inokunceda izivumelwano zokwabelana phakathi kweenkonzo ezisetyenziswayo kunye neempahla zokugcina umbane ukuze koyiswe imiqobo yexesha elifutshane. Iindibano zinganceda ishishini ukuba lihambelane nomthamo wexesha elide, lenze uyilo lube semgangathweni, kwaye lisebenzisane ekuphuhliseni abasebenzi ukuze kunikwe abavelisi isiqinisekiso sokuba badinga ukutyala imali kumandla amatsha.
• Qinisekisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifakwayo. Ulawulo lunokusebenzisa izinto ezisandula ukwenziwa I-Vault yeProjekthi, i-stock exhaswa yi-EXIM, ukuze kuncitshiswe imingeni yokufumaneka kwezinto kunye neemarike zeemveliso eziguquguqukayo zentsimbi ekhethekileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Amaqhinga okwandisa imveliso yasekhaya yezinto ezibalulekileyo zegridi

Izakhiwo zaseGreenfield zingathatha iminyaka emininzi ukufikelela kwimveliso epheleleyo, kodwa ukwenza olu tyalo-mali namhlanje kubalulekile ukugcina uzinzo kunye nokukhula kwegridi yombane yaseMelika, ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokusebenzisa amathuba oqoqosho emveliso yasekhaya. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele la maqhinga alandelayo okukhuthaza utyalo-mali olutsha lokuvelisa, bebeka phambili izinto zegridi kunye nezixhobo ezisengozini enkulu.

• Yandisa izibonelelo zerhafu yokuvelisaICongress inokwandisa imveliso yokuvelisa ephucukileyo kunye neekhredithi zerhafu yotyalo-mali ezikhoyo kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngegridi. Izikhuthazo zerhafu ziya kunceda ukuvala umsantsa weendleko zemveliso ngokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kwaye zikhuthaze utyalo-mali kumandla amatsha okuvelisa ngokunyusa imbuyekezo yeprojekthi. Iikhredithi zerhafu zekhonkco lokubonelela ngegridi kufuneka ziyilwe ukuxhasa izixhobo ezenziwe ngobunjineli kunye neempahla ezigqityiweyo, kubandakanya nezinto zesizukulwana esilandelayo. Enye indlela iya kuba kukudala ikhredithi yerhafu yotyalo-mali kwizakhiwo ezintsha zokuvelisa (umz., ukwabela imali kwinkqubo ye-48C apho izixhobo zegridi sele zifanelekile), ngelixa zibonelela ngekhredithi yerhafu yemveliso yezinto ezifakiweyo kunye nezinto (umz., ukongeza ikhonkco lokubonelela ngegridi kwi 45XOlu lwakhiwo luza kuqhuba utyalo-mali kumandla amatsha okuvelisa izinto ngelixa lujongana nemida yezinto eziluhlaza ezisetyenziswa phezulu.
• Qinisekisa ukufikelela kwimali yokukhulisa ixabiso eliphantsiIinkqubo zemali mboleko zikarhulumente zinokubonelela ngemali engabizi kakhulu ukukhulisa imveliso nokuphucula ukukhuphisana. Umzekelo, ii-DOE's Inkqubo yoXhaso lweMali yokuLawula Amandla inokubonelela ngemali mboleko engabizi kakhulu kunye neziqinisekiso zemali mboleko yokuvelisa izixhobo zegridi kunye nezixhobo. Ukongeza, i-DPA Title III ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa okanye ukwandiswa kwezityalo ngezibonelelo, imali mboleko, kunye neziqinisekiso zemali mboleko ukwenza iimveliso zibe zinqongopheleyo ezibalulekileyo kukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla. ICongress inokuxhasa ukuveliswa kwegridi ngo ukugunyazisa kwakhona i-DPA kunye nokwenza ulwabiwo-mali kwi-DPA Fund.
• Sombulula imiqobo engabizi kakhulu kwimveliso. Ngaphaya kweekhredithi zerhafu kunye nemali mboleko, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bajongane neminye imiqobo kwimveliso, efana nokufumaneka kwabasebenzi, amazinga aphezulu okwenza ngokwezifiso, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwemfuno. I-DOE ingasebenzisana necandelo labucala kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi kunye nomgangatho wezixhobo kwaye icinge ngokulungiselela izibophelelo zokubopha ubungakanani phakathi kweenkonzo kunye nabavelisi. Kangangoko ukungaqiniseki kwemfuno kuthintela utyalo-mali olutsha lwemveliso, urhulumente wobumbano unokungenelela njengomthengi oyintloko okanye umthengi wendlela yokugqibela, esebenzisa amagunya e-DPA okanye amanye amagunya entengiselwano e-DOE ukwenza i indawo yokugcina i-transformer yeqhinga ebonakalayo, enceda ekuphuculeni imijikelo yokuchuma nokuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo kunye nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zibe semgangathweni. Ukuphucula ukhuphiswano lokuvelisa, urhulumente wobumbano unokuqwalasela neenkqubo zokukhuthaza iindlela zokuvelisa eziphambili kwaye ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwemizi-mveliso ezibeka phambili izakhono zoqoqosho ezikhoyo kwimimandla kunye namandla emizi-mveliso.

Amaqhinga okukhuthaza ukuveliswa kweteknoloji yegridi

Izixhobo zegridi zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ubuchwepheshe besizukulwana esilandelayo obuvelayo ukusuka kwii-LPT ezintsha kunye nezikhululo eziqinileyo ukuya kwii-HVDC transmission kunye nee-conductors ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Iinkampani ezininzi ezisaqalayo eziseMelika zakha izixhobo zegridi eziphucula ukusebenza, ziphephe imida yezinto eziluhlaza, kwaye zinezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo nezisebenzisanayo. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banokunceda ekukhuthazeni nasekuthengiseni ezi zinto zintsha eMelika.

• Tyala imali kuphando, uphuhliso, kunye nomboniso (RD&D) wemixokelelwane yokubonelela ngegridiI-DOE, ngokubambisana nenkqubo yeLabhoratri yeSizwe, inokuxhasa icandelo labucala ekuphuhliseni nasekuvavanyeni izixhobo zegridi yesizukulwana esilandelayo ngeenkqubo ezifana Ukuqina kweTransformer kunye neeCandelo eziPhambili, Uphando Lobuchule Bamashishini Amancinci, Ukudluliselwa Kweteknoloji Yamashishini Amancinci, kunye neminye imivuzo kunye nemincintiswano. ICongress ingacinga nangokubeka imali eyongezelelweyo kwi-R&D yezixhobo zegridi.
• Lungiselela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngezixhobo zokusebenzaI-DOE inokukhawulezisa ukwamkelwa kwezinto zegridi eziphambili ngokuxhasa ngezimali iinkqubo zovavanyo kunye nezokubonisa ngezixhobo zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili, okwakhiwa ukususela kutshanje Iinkqubo zoVuselelo lweGrid.
• Xhasa ukuthengiswa kwangethubaUkuxhasa ukwenziwa kwezinto zegridi kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-DOE inokwandisa ukufikelela kwimigca yemveliso yovavanyo kunye nokuveliswa komlinganiselo wokubonisa ngeenkqubo ezifana I-ARPA-E SCALEUP okanye Ingxowa-mali yoRhwebo lweTekhnoloji.

Ukuqinisa uthungelwano lobonelelo ngegridi kuya kudala amathuba okukhula koqoqosho kumazwe nakwiindawo kulo lonke ilizwe. Umzekelo, uhlalutyo lwakutshanje eCalifornia ifumanise ukuba ukuba imveliso yangaphakathi kurhulumente ihlangabezana ne-30% yemfuno yezixhobo zegridi, iya kudala imisebenzi ehlala ixesha elizeleyo efikelela kwi-12,000. Ukuze imimandla yabo ikwazi ukutsala utyalo-mali kwimveliso, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bakarhulumente nabengingqi kunye neenkokheli zophuhliso loqoqosho banokwenza oku kulandelayo:

• Mapha ukudibana phakathi kweziseko zoshishino zommandla wabo kunye neenkqubo zemveliso zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zegridi. Olu qheliselo lwakha isakhelo esiphezulu sereferensi kwiintlobo zemveliso yezixhobo zegridi, kwinqanaba lobuchwepheshe kunye nele-supply-chain, ezihambelana kakhulu namandla abasebenzi aqokelelweyo kwingingqi. Umzekelo, amaqela emveliso ye-transformer ahlala ehambelana nemveliso yeoyile yokuthambisa. Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokukhusela ubushushu kwi-supply chain kwii-transformer zamandla amakhulu eziqhelekileyo.
• Ukuququzelela uphuhliso lweenkqubo zoqeqesho lwabasebenzi ezenzelwe wena. Njengezinye ezininzi ezikhula ngokukhawuleza i-electro-industrial amacandelo, abavelisi bezixhobo zegridi bakhankanya imingeni eqhubekayo ekufumaneni abasebenzi bezobugcisa abanezakhono. Ngenxa yoko, abavelisi baye iinkqubo zabasebenzi eziguquguqukayo ezikhankanyiweyo njengesizathu esibalulekileyo ekugqibeni ukuba uza kuzibeka phi iiprojekthi ezintsha kweli lizwe. Iinkqubo zophuhliso lwabasebenzi ezikhokela ilizwe kulo lonke elaseMpuma-mpuma ziyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba amazwe afana neNorth Carolina, iSouth Carolina, iTennessee, kunye neVirginia akhokele indlela ekutsaleni utyalo-mali kwimveliso yegridi kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Iinkqubo zophuhliso lwabasebenzi ezilungiselelweyo neziguquguqukayo zivumela amazwe ukuba akhuphisane ngeentlobo zeeprojekthi ezisisiseko ezinokukhuthaza amaqela amatsha emveliso.

Umboniso 8

Ngoku lixesha lokuqinisa imixokelelwane yokubonelela ngamandla eMelika